A 1 km global cropland dataset from 10 000 BCE to 2100 CE

Abstract. Cropland greatly impacts food security, energy supply, biodiversity, biogeochemical cycling, and climate change. Accurately systematically understanding the effects of agricultural activities requires cropland spatial information with high resolution a long time span. In this study, first 1 km global proportion dataset for 10 000 BCE–2100 CE was produced. With map initialized in 2010 CE, we harmonized demands extracted from History Database Global Environment 3.2 (HYDE 3.2) Land-Use Harmonization 2 (LUH2) datasets then spatially allocated based on combination suitability, kernel density, other constraints. According to our maps, originated several independent centers gradually spread regions, influenced by some important historical events. The patterns future change differ various scenarios due different socioeconomic pathways mitigation levels. area generally shows an increasing trend over past years, 0×106 km2 BCE 2.8×106 1500 6.2×106 1850 16.4×106 CE. It follows diverse trajectories under scenarios, growth rate ranging 16.4 % 82.4 between 2100 There are large disparities among geographical regions. mapping result coincides well widely used at present both distribution pattern total amount. improved resolution, maps can better capture details heterogeneity. spatiotemporally continuous conceptually consistent serves as more comprehensive alternative long-term earth system simulations precise analyses. flexible efficient harmonization downscaling framework be applied specific regions or extended land use cover types through adjustable parameters open model structure. available https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5105689 (Cao et al., 2021a).